Looking for Alibrandi Essay Example

Looking for Alibrandi Essay â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† by Melina Marchetta provides useful and valuable insights into cultural misunderstandings between Australian and Italian families, relationships and prejudices particularly between Josie, her friends and family. Cross-cultural issues are explored in depth in â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi†. The novel shows the family traditional values within Josie’s family, one of these being Tomato Day. This cultural tradition is important because it fosters greater unity between family members. In addition, Italian family culture has a deep meaning about spending time with family. On the contrary, Josie, a 17 year old Italian-Australian girl, being an Australian of Italian descent, Josie resents some of the Italian traditions and is not too pleased about observing these traditions; since she thinks ‘Tomato Day’ is a ‘National Wog Day’, she says it in negatively and dishonourably tone. Josie’s perception of Italian culture is really despite to Nonna’s; Nonna shows a lot of respects and protection to the family name and traditions, while Josie resents and unaccepted to her values. Hence, Josie, Christina and Nonna, share a major age gap between them and examines the difference in generation gap in depth. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Nonna lied to Josie and her relatives that Josie’s father died before Christina gave birth to Josie, thus Christina and Josie are misunderstanding to Nonna and also did not accept with what she did. It shows the differences in generation’s point of view towards Christina’s pregnancy. Furthermore, â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† also displays relationships in a lot of depth, for instance, the relationships between Josie and Michael Andretti, Jacob Coote and John Barton. Josie meets Michael Andretti angrily because he left Josie’s mother when she got pregnant; therefore Josie became illegitimate child with no father. However, when Josie feels helpless and struggle after she hits Carly’s nose, she can only think about Michael to help her as a barrister and father. This event demonstrates that Josie really wants to and be proud of having father; they had more trust and build up the father- daughter relationships too. Josie’s final year of high school transforms her from the childhood world of dependence on her mother to dealing with adults like Michael Andretti and Jacob Coote. Jacob, the school captain of Cook High School, Josie calls him an ‘individualist’, because he has a strong personality, sensitive and independent as a typical Australian. Jacob feels uncomfortable in unfamiliar situations as he finds it difficult to understand with Josie’s Italian cultural background, he does not respect and think the traditions should not be maintained. For example, once, Jacob gave a sexual advance to Josie, but she is unwillingness to make love and told Jacob clearly that Italian thinking is more traditional and different to Australian’s. Sexual activity is not by accepted to Italian, but Australian just sees this as a normal practise. By comparison between Jacob Coote and John Barton, they are both Australian, but living in very different attitudes and family. John has weak and low self-image who comes from a well-educated family. Josie admires him and they have a very good relationship, but Josie did not realise that John is very upset as he is under a lot of pressure by his father to become ‘the best prime minster’, therefore, John’s father and people around John have a high expectation of him. As a result, John gets a lot of pressure that he thinks no one would understand him. John’s pressure from unconfident about passing the HSC, forces him to commit suicide. This does upset Josie but it also makes her a lot more resilient too. â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi†, also illustrates many prejudices between rich and poor people, and the racial prejudice. St. Martha is Josie’s school which is â€Å"dominated by white Australian†, high-class and rich people. Children of wealthy migrants accepted because of their wealth, which cause a social discrimination as Josie finds hard to cope in this school with her strong Italian and middle working class family background. The novel shows that although Australia is a multicultural society, but it still has racist problems with people from different culture backgrounds. Melina Marchetta always uses the word â€Å"Wog†, which is an offensive word to coloured skin people especially Italian, which is throughout the whole novel to inspire readers in racist issues. For instant, Ivy comes from high-class Australian family, who is not accept Josie as an Australia, but a completely Italian immigrant with strong Italian culture background. This idea is clearly expressed in these words â€Å"You’re a new Australians wear black a lot don’t you Josephine? â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† emphasises some important cultural, relationship and social and racial prejudices among people from different cultural background. It examines the strength and resilience of Josie to cope with the relationship with family, John Barton’s dead and Jacob Coot’s sexual advance, and the intolerance of Italian traditions by Nonna. This novel makes readers aware of to see the beauty in other culture, because the world has many different cultures, we need to be respect, although there may have something that you may not except. Looking for Alibrandi Essay Example Looking for Alibrandi Essay Looking for alibrandi the flim questions answers. Plot Opening credits: burning heart motif, behind which, an aeroplane flies over blue skies. Tomato Day (beginning). The whole extended family help make pasta sauce. Josie is introduced an reveals that she hates it. She tries to change the music and leaves as soon as her friends arrive. The heads to Bondi beach with Anna and Sera. News of her and her friends sunbathing reaches home before she does. At night she is studying and voices over a sequence introducing her mother. She climbs into bed with her and learns Michaels back. Introduction of St. Marthas. Carly Bishop and lots of wealthy friends are introduced. Carlys racism is revealed early. Class: While trying to cheat on a test, Josie is caught out, but she tells Sister Louise she was looking at Carlys Skamp magazine, criticising it for being anti-Christian. Sister Louise calls her into her office and gives her a talking to about HSC, being Vice-Captain and her new job. St. Anthonys comes to visit in order to discuss the years social calendar. John Barton is introduced. Josie fantasises about being his wife. On her way to Nonnas, Josie dawdles, but is tracked by the spy ring. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At Nonnas she is hot and bothered and meets her father for the first time. She runs away and her mother guesses whats happened. Josie and Anna get a life to have a say day with Angelo. Jacob Coote speaks after Josie, and while she says she isnt she seems to be impressed by him. They talk afterwards, looking at Carly and John Barton having their photos taken. A celebration lunch. Spotting a quiet moment, Christina and Michael talk about Josie, but it quickly develops into an argument which Josie, then Nonna walk in on. Josie stays with Nonna. She tries to listen to her Walkman, but Nonna makes her get the photos. She talks about coming out on the boat. Rugby game: Josie sees John Barton and they talk. He is concerned that his father controls everything about his life. They decide they are both suffering under the weight of tradition. The dance: Josie prays John will ask her to dace, but Jacob does instead. They dance for seven and a half songs, then while angling for a lift with John, Jacob offers to drop her home. They ride on his motorbike, during which time, Josie goes from being petrified to enjoying it. They arrive at Josies house, and after a couple of botched attempts, they decide to go out. Josie meets John at the University to go over their course for the following year. Josie and Jacob go on a date to the movies. It ends horribly after being unable to decide on a film to watch. Michael drives along while Josie is storming home after the date. She accuses him of trying to buy them off, takes her anger out on him and leaves him there. Josie swaps souls with John Barton. She puts his in a box under the bed. While working at Oporto, Josie and Anna are visited by Jacob and Anton. Returning from a holiday break, Josie learns that John Barton is dead. The funeral: Robert is a pallbearer. At home, Josie remembers about Johns soul, opens it and reads it. He talks about the pressure on him to be what he isnt. Josie tears up the piece of paper and sets him free. Josie sees Jacob on the bus. He gives her a hug. During confession, Josie breaks down. As she is leaving the chapel, Carly makes another racist comment. Josie breaks her nose with a history book. In Sister Louises office, Ron Bishop wants Josie to pay for the damage. Swallowing her pride, Josie calls her father, who arrives and sorts the situation out. Christina goes on a date with Paul Presilio, much to the annoyance of her mother and daughter. Nonna goes through the photos again and talks about Marcus Sandford. While shes walking with Jacob, Michael stops Josie and offers her a job. They give Jacob a life home and have a coffee. Nonna sees them and takes Josie away. At her mothers work, Josie talks to her about the possibility of dating. They talk about when she and Michael were seventeen. Josie goes to stay over at Michaels. Shes impressed with his lifestyle, but finds a photo of his girlfriend back in Adelaide. End of school. They have a big break up fight with water and flour. Studying, Sera tells Josie that her relationship with Jacob is doomed because they come from different stock. Josie goes to Jacobs and meets his dad. In Jacobs room, things progress towards having sex. Josie decides it isnt the right time. They argue, Josie leaves, and Jacob catches her on the steps, asking why they are such a disaster. Josie sits her HSC, studying hard. She thinks she sees John Barton at the train station. Michael tries to teach Josie to drive, but reveals that hes heading back to Adelaide. Josie gets upset, abuses him and storms off. At Bondi beach, Josie talks with her friends. She realises that Francesco couldnt have been her natural grandfather and races off to confront Nonna about it. Nonna concedes the truth, but wants to keep it from Christina, who arrives just in time. Tomato Day (end). Michael is there, and when Jacob arrives, Josie brings him in and he is given a job. Anna and Sera are also brought in. Josie puts on the music her family likes and asks Nonna for a dance. Setting The setting of a film is always important. Take particular note of where events occur, because it is often not by accident. * St. Marthas: Josies school is introduced in quite a dismissive way. Josie says that shes surrounded by girls who are treated like princesses by their fathers. She does not like the hypocrisy or shallowness of her school. At St. Marthas its all about money, prestige and what your father does for a living. The uniform makes everyone look the same, which removes Josies individuality, but also reminds the audience that the differences people here operate on are just as seen as unseen, like what you father does for a living. * Home: Josies house is a small, modest flat, some distance from the school. This distance represents the social distance between Josie and the rest of the students at St. Marthas. There are a number of shots that show Josie looking out the small windows of their flat (introducing her mother, and after meeting her father) which remind the viewer that Josie feels cramped here, and that she wants to move both up in the world and to a better house. * Michaels Apartment: The apartment represents the things that Josie could gain from having a career like Michaels. She wants to have enough money to live like this and even directly connects Michaels law practice with this apartment. Having the harbour bridge so prominently placed in many of the shots that take place here reminds the audience of travelling and Josies desire to cross over into this kind of world. Character and characterisation Josie Several of the events that occur during the film help us to see the way that Josie develops and changes over the course of the film: * Tomato Day (beginning): Josie is a reluctant participant in the family and cultural ritual. She doesnt see herself as belonging there. She talks about her future, and about not really knowing where she fits in to society. Meeting her father: At the beginning of the film, Josie says that fathers seem pretty useless anyway, and that she is happy do do without hers. As Michaels influence grows, Josie learns that half of her family history has been missing, and that Michael and her can have a fruitful relationship, beneficial to both of them. * Going out with Jacob: He teaches her that first impressions arent always right about people, and that a relationship across different ethnic backgrounds can work. She also learns its important to preserve your individuality in a relationship. Studying for her future: Josie realises that these exams are an important part of the journey towards the life she wants. She learns that it is important to keep everything in balance, including friendships, relationships, work and school. * Resolving the curse: Confronting her Nonna over Marcus Sandford helps to bring Josies relationship with her to a new level. Josie is more understanding of Nonna, and Nonna is more accepting of her grandchild born out of wedlock. * Tomato Day (end): How much Josie has grown and learnt over the course of the film is revealed in the final scene. She embraces her family and their traditions, welcomes her friends and boyfriend into the environment and is positive about not knowing exactly what will happen in the future. Relationships As Josie as the central character in the film, most of the relationships are centred around her. Each one is important and Josie learns a little from each one to become the person she is at the end of the film. * Nonna and Mamma: Undoubtedly Josies closest relationship is with these two. They support and frustrate each other enormously, but by the end of the film, Josie is more appreciative of what each of them does for her. Jacob: He teaches her that first impressions arent always right about people, and that a relationship across different ethnic backgrounds can work. She also learns its important to preserve your individuality in a relationship. * Her father: Josie doesnt realise how much shes missed having a father until he shows up. While shes always been happy growing up with her mother, she begins to realise the support and advice of her father might come in handy. * Sera and Anna: Josies best friends are always there to support her, take her places and discuss ideas with. Sera comes from a similar Italian family so Josie doesnt feel her family is completely different to everyone she knows, while Anna makes work at Oporto a little more fun. * John Barton: At first John represents where Josie wants to be. After getting to know him, and especially after his suicide, John shows Josie that you can feel alone and misunderstood regardless of your background. * Carly Bishop: Carly represents all thats bad in the world of the wealthy. She is image obsessed, shallow and vindictive. Josie knows that if she enters Johns privileged world, she wont be like Carly. Structure Compare the beginning and ending of the film The film covers a period of twelve months, beginning and ending with the family Tomato Day. There are several key difference between these two scenes that reveal how much Josie has learnt and grown over the course of the film. What do each of these tell us about Josie? Beginning * Josie tries to put some modern music on. * She runs away to the beach with Sera and Anna as soon as they arrive. * She talks about the curse afflicting the Alibrandi women. * Footage is coloured to make it look old and out of date. This might be where I come from, but do I really belong here? Ending * Josie puts Tintorella di Luna on the record player instead of taking it off. * She asks Nonna for a dance. * She invites Jacob, Sera and Anna in to help. * She doesnt try to escape to the beach. * Her voiceover talks about the good things going for the family, not the bad. I know now that whats important who I feel I am. Im Christina and Michaels daughter and Im Katias granddaughter. And were not cursed, were blessed. Voiceover Josie talks to us directly through voicing over the images that are shown. She uses this technique to explain whats going on, to tell us how she feels about things, to introduce background information, but also to reproduce the kind of first person narrative the novel has. * Tomato Day (beginning): Josies doubts about her family, her culture and her future emerge through this voiceover. This might be where I come from, but do I really belong here? She also introduces us to key members of her family: Mamma, Nonna, cousin Robert etc. * Background Information: Josie tells us a lot of important background information in this voiceover. She reveals that Francesco kicked Christina out when she was seventeen; that Nonna believes Josie brought the curse on the family, and that only Josie and Christina know that Michael Andretti is Josies father. St. Marthas: Josie uses this voiceover to convey a number of things to us: contrasts between Anna and Sera, and also how she feels about being surrounded by people like Carly Bishop: Because Im surrounded by girls whose fathers treat them like princesses. * Tomato Day (end): A lot of what Josies learnt about herself over the previous year is conveyed through this final voiceover. She admits to not knowing everything, but she does know and appreciate more where she belongs. I know now that whats important is who I feel I am. Fantasy sequences One way to get the thoughts in Josies head from the book onto the movie screen was to invent these fantasy sequences. They are also a way of showing how creative, imaginative and romantic Josie is. * Carlys arrival: Carly is such a glamorous figure in her school that Josie believes there is some truth in this fantasy. The way that all of her friends fawn over her seem to Josie to be similar to this kind of movie star treatment. Marrying John Barton: So hung up is Josie on the idea that she is going to marry into the world of John Barton, that she begins to dream about it. She becomes shadow attorney general (like the most powerful lawyer in the country) and all of the people she knows gather around her. * St. Barbara: Josies fear that this year is going to be disastrous is acted out in the fantasy that she is St. Barbara who was beheaded by her father. Coming shortly after meeting her father for the first time, clearly Josie is worried about how things will develop. Being rescued by Michael: After Michael talks their way out of being sued by Ron Bishop, the stained glass window in the stairwell at St. Marthas changes to reveal Michael as an angel, rescuing Josie. Light builds behind it, making it almost a biblical miracle. After John Bartons death, the fantasy sequences get fewer and farther between. There are no more after Josie begins studying for her HSC. This represents something of a loss of innocence, where Josie is no longer as dreamy or as optimistic as she was at the beginning of the film. Important Events Josie meeting her father for the first time: This has a profound impact on Josies life. She goes through a range of emotions, but ends up seeing him as a person who has a lot to offer her, and who completes a part of her she never knew anything about. He helps her with her studies and gi ves her practice working in a law firm. * John Bartons death: This helps Josie to see a number of things: life in his world can be just as difficult as in hers; you can feel as if you dont belong, regardless of the world you come from, and also that she doesnt need to make the same mistake John did. Confronting Nonna: This helps Josie to see the motives behind her grandmothers actions. She was trying to protect Christina, rather than punish her, and was hurt when she fell pregnant. By bringing everything out in the open, their feeling can begin to be resolved and they can move forward as three generations of strong, loving Alibrandi women. Close Reading Tomato Day (beginning) The very first image of the film is an aeroplane flying somewhere. Josie desperately want to be somewhere else and the plane is one symbol of this. Tintorella di Luna (and old Italian twist song) plays in the background. This sequence is one continuous shot until Josie arrives. When she appears on camera, the colour returns to normal and editing begins. It was shot on a handheld camera and coloured to make it look like an old home movie. This gets us thinking about a number of things: tradition (old ways vs. new); family (home movies) and culture (bringing things from an old country to a new one). Questions: 1. . What reasons does Josie give for not wanting to be part of Tomato Day? 2. . Which important characters are introduced in this sequence? 3. . How does Josie show she doesnt want to be part of this world? 4. What ideas does Josie express about her future? Introduction to St. Marthas Josie walks up to her school while the wealthier students are dropped off in expensive cars. She tells us about her and her friends circumstances, and says that fathers seem pretty useless anyway so why would she want one? Carly Bishop is introduced and Josie runs through a fantasy scene where she is a famous model who is adored by the students at St. Marthas. The colours that dominate this sequence are cold whites and blues making the school uninviting, very different to the warm reds and yellows of Josies backyard. Questions: 1. . What contrasts are there between people like Carly Bishop and people like Josie Alibrandi in this scene? 2. . How has dialogue been used to introduce Carlys character? Meeting Michael for the first time Nonnas on the phone to one of her spy ring when Josie arrives. Shes hot and irritable. When she tries to turn the air conditioning on, shes ushered out of the room because its only for when guests are around. Josie and Nonna argue and Nonna tells her to go home. Josies just about to do this, when Michaels standing at the door. Shes caught off guard and runs away, embarrassing Nonna. The soft focus and halo of light around Michaels face when the door is opened makes him seem angelic or like a star in a romantic film. One ironic line of dialogue is when Nonna says I was taught to speak English before you mother was born. Questions: 1. . Why do you think Nonna like to speak Sicilian when Josies around? 2. . Why does Michael say Christinas daughter? slowly? Jacob drops Josie off Having just had an adrenaline-filled ride home, Jacob walks Josie up to her house. He tells her about her mother and the process he went through grieving for her. He thought she was wealthy because she goes to that snob school. They pause and Jacob tries to kiss Josie, who initially pulls away, realises shes made a mistake and leans forward, by which time Jacobs pulled away. Jacobs embarrassed: Oh look, youre not really my type. Questions: 1. . Why does Jacob seem interested in whether Josie would be at a school like Cook High if she wasnt on her scholarship? 2. . What contrasts are there between Josie and Jacob? Setting Johns soul free Lying in bed after the funeral, Josie remembers she has Johns soul under her bed. She gets it out and reads it. John wants to be all of the things people want him to be, but knows he cant be them all. All he wants is freedom. The camera (mounted on a crane) pulls back to allow John the freedom he desires. Tearing up the letter also tells the audience that she wont follow John towards suicide when things are difficult. She wont hold on to the pain and the grief. Questions: 1. . What link is there between what John wants and Josie tearing up the letter? 2. . Why does John list the different things people want him to be? Breaking Carlys nose After breaking Carlys nose with her History book, Josie tries to handle it on her own, but after Carly criticises her for having no father, she brags about him being a solicitor. She calls him and has to remind him where she goes to school. Michael arrives and tries to get Josie to tell him what name Carly called her, but she wont say. All she says is that nobody ever told Johns friends they couldnt play at his house, bringing one of the underlying issues up. Michael understands and talks their way out of trouble. Questions: 1. . What was the previous encounter between Josie and Michael? 2. Why is there a pregnant pause after Michael says the words My daughter ? 3. . Why does Michael mention he has a bad temper? Saying no Josies concerned about what Sera said about her and Jacobs relationship being doomed because theyre from different backgrounds. Jacob can see this instantly and tries to calm her down. She meets his Dad and it is revealed that they have a close relationship. The kis s in Jacobs room and head towards having sex, but Josie decides shes not ready. Jacob gets anxious but Josie knows that just because Jacob and she have had different experiences with love and sex, they dont have to move at his pace. Questions: 1. . What might Jacob say in reply to Josies comment that he lives without culture? 2. . What reasons does Jacob give for them being suited? 3. . Why do you think things dont always run smoothly? Confronting Nonna Josie confronts Nonna about her hypocrisy. Nonna explains what is was like for her in a marriage where her husband was abusive. In her heart, she imagined she was married to Marcus Sandford back in Queensland. She wanted to protect Christina from repeating the same fate and was upset when she found out that Christina had been seeing boys behind her back, and was pregnant. Questions: 1. . What things stop as a result of this scene? 2. . What does she learn about her Nonna as a result of this conversation? 3. . Josies first reaction is to run off and tell her mother. Why would that have been the wrong thing to do? (Why was it better for them all to sit down and share it? ) Tomato Day (end) Tomato day again. A whole year has passed. This time Josie is much more secure in who she is, and accepts that her family is an important part of who she is. She doesnt try to run away as soon as she can, on the contrary, she brings first Jacob, then Sera and Anna in to help. The final clue that she is happy here is asking Nonna for a dance. It symbolises the way they have resolved their differences. I know now that whats important who I feel I am. Im Christina and Michaels daughter and Im Katias granddaughter. And were not cursed, were blessed. Questions: 1. . What has Josie achieved in the previous twelve months? Symbolism Travelling One of the most important symbols in the film is the idea of travelling. Josies culture has been transported to Australia, and she is trying to transport herself to a different style of life. These are some of the more important examples of this symbol, or motif. The very first shot of the film is of an aeroplane flying over the house. Planes often symbolise people wanting to go places. The final sequence of the film also has a shot of an aeroplane, but this time, Josie simply looks up, happy exactly where she is. * Josies first means of escape from her family at the beginning of the film is by travelling. She jumps in Ser as car and heads for the beach to escape National Wog Day. * Johns expensive car is another reminder that they come from separate backgrounds. Carly is offered the lift, suggesting that she is more suitable for John because of her family. The cruel blow is that Josie initially thinks she is being offered a lift. * Josies relationship with Jacob is symbolised by the motorbike. It is fast, unstable, dangerous but can also be a lot of fun. Driving over the bridge can also be seen to symbolise moving into adulthood because she considers having sex with him. * Josie must take public transport to her school. She has to travel quite a distance because she cant afford to live in the wealthy area around the school. She also hopes that the scholarship will help her to travel to a better life: a lawyer with lots of money. The rollercoaster outside Michaels apartment could be seen as a symbol of Josies life as a whole, but it particularly suits her relationship with her father. It go through its ups and downs and certainly throws Josie around a bit. The Volcano The image of the volcano occurs a couple of times during the film, but it is quite an important symbol to remember when thinking of Josie. Lots of things are building up i nside her and they often come out in shows of strong emotion. She often deals with problems by yelling, abusing someone or crying, all of which can be seen to be similar to a volcano welling up and overflowing. The first example of the volcano occurs when Jacob offers to give Josie a lift home. Behind them as they are getting onto the bike, a screen is playing footage of a volcano exploding. Josies emotions are also welling up in this scene, with her frustration at not being asked to dance by John Barton being matched against her rising interest in Jacob. * The second instance of the volcano symbol is on the glass wall of the Bar Stromboli where Josie has coffee with her father. Things are welling up inside her over her relationship with her father too, particularly given that Nonna doesnt like her seeing him. Throughout the film, Josies emotions swing from not wanting anything to do with her father, to wanting he and her mother to get back together. Occasionally it gets too much for her and she erupts at him. Hands Hands are often things that we take for granted, but watching what they do in a film can be quite a useful way of exploring ideas and relationships. * In both of the Tomato Day sequences, hands dominate the shots. Most of the people present are doing something with their hands, largely towards making the pasta sauce for the family. Because of this, they symbolise the way that people can do things for others. Other examples include preparing meals for other people (Nonna does this often) to show you care for them and you want them to be happy and well. * When Josie leaves to go to Bondi with her friends, she washes her hands of tomato juice. This is symbolic of what she wants to do with her family and culture as a whole at the beginning of the film: she wants to wash her hands of them (be rid of them). She learns that it isnt as easy as that, and by the end of the film, she has learnt that she is better off embracing them, rather than being ashamed of them. When Nonna is angry at Josies cheekiness, she raises her hand as if to discipline her, but drops it when her point is made. Hands can communicate peoples emotions, and especially show when they are angry. Another time hands reveal emotions is when Josie uses her to break Carlys nose with a history book. Soundtrack When studying film, the word soundtrack measn everything you can hear, not just the music used in the film. Having said tha t, the background music used in the film is quite significant. Background Music The producers of the film wanted the music to be an important part of the film. The lyrics of most of the songs used in the film enhance the audiences understanding of what occurs during each scene. Here are a few examples. * Tintarella di Luna (Performed by Gina Zoia) This is the song that Josie takes off in the first Tomato Day sequence, but put on in the second, asking Nonna for a dance. * With or Without You (Performed by Hamish Cowan) and Im waiting for you, with or without you. I cant live, with or without you Nothing to win and nothing left to lose * Supernova (By Magic Dirt) I have looked all over the place, but you have got my favourite face oure a human supernova, solar superman. Your kiss is as wicked as an M-16 and you talk like a volcano and youre everything to me. (A supernova is an exploding star) * Miss You Love (by Silverchair) and Im not sure, not sure, not too sure to know how it feels to handle every day Important ideas The importance of friends * Josies friends help her a lot in the film. They help her through difficult times and they h elp her to understand things. * When Josie introduces us to her friends, she says that they kinda happened by default, but despite this, they are excellent friends who help each other out enormously. Coming from similar backgrounds as Josie, she feels as though shes not alone at St. Marthas. * Johns death helps Josie to see a number of things: life in his world can be just as difficult as in hers; you can feel as if you dont belong, regardless of the world you come from, and also that she doesnt need to make the same mistake John did. * When John dies, Anna and Sera wait by the lockers so they can be around when Josie gets to school. They try to break it to her as gently as possible and tidy up Josies dropped things after she runs out. They leave her to go too, understanding she needs space. Seras comment that you need to be from the same background to make a relationship work might be based in the truth, but its not as simple as that. Josie learns that it might be true, but it might not be as well. The reassurance she seeks from Jacob is quickly given. The pressure to be perfect Lots of the images that only appear on the screen for a second, or might appear in the background are very important in the story. All of the posters and magazine covers below were made by the Art Department working on the film and laced in important places. Eastwest: This sign is on the back of the bus as Josie enters St. Marthas. It has women admiring themselves on it, but also the phrase Eastwest. Josie is trying to get from the poorer Western suburbs of Sydney to the richer Eastern suburbs. * Skamp: The Skamp magazine appears twice before Josie is called out in front of class. This shows how much image and magazines like this are revered at St. Marthas. Notice one of the articles is called Claws to die for, which makes the girls seem like animals who are capable of killing each other. The Dance: All of the girls in the bathroom are touching up their makeup, or ensuring they look good before returning to the dance floor. Very catty dialogue occurs in this setting, perhaps because the girls are nervous about how they look, and are eager to put others down. * Girltalk: This shot s hows Carly on yet another magazine cover, this time wearing a T-shirt that says racism sucks. The composition of the shot cuts the top half of Josie out of the frame, suggesting that she is not as important as the magazine cover. * Why would you want to? When Josie is with John for the last time, the posters behind them at the train station ask one huge question: Why would you want to? questioning why John feels suicide is the only way out. Knowing where you belong At the beginning of the film, Josie thinks she doesnt belong anywhere. Shes too Australian to be Sicilian, but too Sicilian to truly be an Australian. As the film progresses she gains a better understanding of who she is and where she fits in. * At the beginning of the film, Josie says This might be where I come from, but do I really belong here? , sparking off the great journey of the film. Josie sees her family as living in the past and tries to distance herself from them: Im going places. * Meeting her father is an important part of Josies search for belonging. The story of how her parents fell in love and the circumstances surrounding her conception help her to understand that she is not cursed. * Josies relationship with Jacob helps her to understand other peoples realities too. She sees Jacob as being without culture in that he is Australian, and doesnt have the same ties to a culture like the Sicilians do. Despite this, Josie learns that life in Jacobs world can be difficult too. She learns that relationships wont necessarily help you feel you belong somewhere. * By the end of the film, Josies sense of belonging is much more secure. She recognises that while she may have a great future ahead of her, she is also has strong ties to her past. I know now that whats important who I feel I am. Im Christina and Michaels daughter and Im Katias granddaughter. And were not cursed, were blessed. She has found Alibrandi. Overcoming obstacles * The film presents Josie with a number of challenges and obstacles to overcome, often leading towards her independence. She does them with varying degrees of success but learns from all of them. * Work: Josie has to juggle her school and social life with her new job at Oporto. * John Bartons death: This helps Josie to see a number of things: life in his world can be just as difficult as in hers; you can feel as if you dont belong, regardless of the world you come from, and also that she doesnt need to make the same mistake John did. * Racism: Josie is able to ignore Carlys racist comments for most of the film, but when shes feeling fragile after Johns death, she snaps and uses physical violence. Relationships: Being in a serious relationship is difficult for Josie, but she works hard at it. Jacob is serious and really wants it to work, but Josie is a little more philosophical, saying We dont always get what we want, but God I love your faith. * Studies: Josie studies and works hard for her HSC. She hopes to do law, and is already helping out in Michaels law practice. * Learning to Drive: A drivers li cence is an important symbol of independence for Josie. She is studying for it when the film ends. Looking for Alibrandi Essay Example Looking for Alibrandi Essay â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† by Melina Marchetta provides useful and valuable insights into cultural misunderstandings between Australian and Italian families, relationships and prejudices particularly between Josie, her friends and family. Cross-cultural issues are explored in depth in â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi†. The novel shows the family traditional values within Josie’s family, one of these being Tomato Day. This cultural tradition is important because it fosters greater unity between family members. In addition, Italian family culture has a deep meaning about spending time with family. On the contrary, Josie, a 17 year old Italian-Australian girl, being an Australian of Italian descent, Josie resents some of the Italian traditions and is not too pleased about observing these traditions; since she thinks ‘Tomato Day’ is a ‘National Wog Day’, she says it in negatively and dishonourably tone. Josie’s perception of Italian culture is really despite to Nonna’s; Nonna shows a lot of respects and protection to the family name and traditions, while Josie resents and unaccepted to her values. Hence, Josie, Christina and Nonna, share a major age gap between them and examines the difference in generation gap in depth. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As Nonna lied to Josie and her relatives that Josie’s father died before Christina gave birth to Josie, thus Christina and Josie are misunderstanding to Nonna and also did not accept with what she did. It shows the differences in generation’s point of view towards Christina’s pregnancy. Furthermore, â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† also displays relationships in a lot of depth, for instance, the relationships between Josie and Michael Andretti, Jacob Coote and John Barton. Josie meets Michael Andretti angrily because he left Josie’s mother when she got pregnant; therefore Josie became illegitimate child with no father. However, when Josie feels helpless and struggle after she hits Carly’s nose, she can only think about Michael to help her as a barrister and father. This event demonstrates that Josie really wants to and be proud of having father; they had more trust and build up the father- daughter relationships too. Josie’s final year of high school transforms her from the childhood world of dependence on her mother to dealing with adults like Michael Andretti and Jacob Coote. Jacob, the school captain of Cook High School, Josie calls him an ‘individualist’, because he has a strong personality, sensitive and independent as a typical Australian. Jacob feels uncomfortable in unfamiliar situations as he finds it difficult to understand with Josie’s Italian cultural background, he does not respect and think the traditions should not be maintained. For example, once, Jacob gave a sexual advance to Josie, but she is unwillingness to make love and told Jacob clearly that Italian thinking is more traditional and different to Australian’s. Sexual activity is not by accepted to Italian, but Australian just sees this as a normal practise. By comparison between Jacob Coote and John Barton, they are both Australian, but living in very different attitudes and family. John has weak and low self-image who comes from a well-educated family. Josie admires him and they have a very good relationship, but Josie did not realise that John is very upset as he is under a lot of pressure by his father to become ‘the best prime minster’, therefore, John’s father and people around John have a high expectation of him. As a result, John gets a lot of pressure that he thinks no one would understand him. John’s pressure from unconfident about passing the HSC, forces him to commit suicide. This does upset Josie but it also makes her a lot more resilient too. â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi†, also illustrates many prejudices between rich and poor people, and the racial prejudice. St. Martha is Josie’s school which is â€Å"dominated by white Australian†, high-class and rich people. Children of wealthy migrants accepted because of their wealth, which cause a social discrimination as Josie finds hard to cope in this school with her strong Italian and middle working class family background. The novel shows that although Australia is a multicultural society, but it still has racist problems with people from different culture backgrounds. Melina Marchetta always uses the word â€Å"Wog†, which is an offensive word to coloured skin people especially Italian, which is throughout the whole novel to inspire readers in racist issues. For instant, Ivy comes from high-class Australian family, who is not accept Josie as an Australia, but a completely Italian immigrant with strong Italian culture background. This idea is clearly expressed in these words â€Å"You’re a new Australians wear black a lot don’t you Josephine? â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† emphasises some important cultural, relationship and social and racial prejudices among people from different cultural background. It examines the strength and resilience of Josie to cope with the relationship with family, John Barton’s dead and Jacob Coot’s sexual advance, and the intolerance of Italian traditions by Nonna. This novel makes readers aware of to see the beauty in other culture, because the world has many different cultures, we need to be respect, although there may have something that you may not except. Looking for Alibrandi Essay Example Looking for Alibrandi Essay She feels caught in a claustrophobic trap between family lives obsessed with tradition, a trice disciplined Catholic school and trying to find herself and her position as a teenage girl. Throughout the novel Josses is constantly changing her views on people, and experiences her share of emotional upheaval as she comes to realize that a perfect world consists of more than Just gorgeous hairstyles, rich boyfriends and social privileges. It is a common representation throughout the novel that Josses Librarian is a selfish and egotistical girl whose internal angst and whose conflict with others all stemmed from her expectations that others should conform to meet her deeds. This can be seen In her Interactions with her close family members Christina. Nana and Michael. She also selfish towards her friends John and Jacob. Josses and her mothers relationship Is rocky, this Is shown when Josses attacks her mothers desires to go out on a date. Josses was constantly reminded of her mothers failures and sacrifices she made while raising Josses as a single mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking for Alibrandi specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She felt suffocated by this love and rebelled against it believing if she was not allowed happiness and freedom, no one else should find that happiness either. A prime example of Jokes selfishness towards her mothers want and needs can be seen In chapter kneel. Jokes volatile relationship and lack of understanding towards her personal mother and any possible chance of her finding a new partner, is evident when Christina is invited on a date. Upon Josses hearing about the pending date, she shouts hurtful UN-retractable statements. Like when Christina tells Josses she Is going out on a date, straight away Josses comes out with I dont care. She doesnt listen to what the mum says. She argues about everything and doesnt think. Josses verbally attacks Christina who after having enough of all the arguing snaps back Dont you speak In that bad language If you have nothing nice to say, get out. Peg 98 Josses Immediately only thinks of herself and yells Oh. Great. She starts going out with m en on a regular basis and shes ready to kick me out Christina is left confused, wondering what she had done to deserve this. She isnt allowed to have a night off. Josses refuses to understand her position and yells, Screw your understanding. To top the argument off, she yells as her mother was about to leave, l hope die during he night and you regret it for the rest of your life. The maturity Josses had been keen to demonstrate, quickly diminished and was replaced with childish desperation, suddenly grasping at not wanting to be left behind. Whether just for this date or the rest of her life. She did not give any thought for her mothers happiness only her own. Clearly Joules selfishness and lack of respect for her mother Is at Its worst at this point in the book. Sole Allays aggression towards near Tanner, NAS no compassion Ana expects I always conform o her needs. In chapter six, Jokes second encounter with Michael Intranet, she feels as if he disgraced her and her mother. Josses discussed her emotions and they agreed to keep out of each others lives with Josses stating, how dare you think that I want to be in your life! I dont want you anywhere near us Peg 69 and as he promised to do the same, they shook on it. Further along in the book, Josses had to rely on the relationship with her father to avoid a possible lawsuit and her father obliged at short notice and conditions. Michael Intranet showed up at the office, confused about the last time they both talked. He played along with what she needed help sorting out, but when he asked her What did she say to you? Peg 86 her response was Nothing After getting him to leave work and go to her school, after she had agreed to have nothing to do with him, then she doesnt co operate. On top of Josses being very pleased to not have to explain the situation with her mother, she was also aware of her victory in the social playground at school. It wasnt until she needed her dad for something that she was ready to be best buddies and pretend eke everything is k. She expects that as a dad he should drop everything on any circumstances. Nana and Josses have an intense relationship, the culture, generation gap and family curse, igniting many arguments and differences between them. The tense connection between Katie and Josses is a result of Josses being unable to respect her grandmother. Her grandmother was following the stereotypical Italian civilization. This strain is obvious when Josses says Maybe thats what I dislike about Nana referring to her grandmother following traditional Italian culture. Whilst Josses and Nana were having conversation in chapter three Josses fired back mean comments and argued about everything. Well, I guess that means you did a pretty hopeless Job as a mother Peg 37 shows Josses doesnt respect her elders. In a world where imposing a view that illegitimacy is appalling and outrageous, and as a consequence casing Katie, who has lived most of her life by societys rules and sets of laws, feels humiliated of her unlawful grand daughter and consequently causes the relationship between Katie, and Josses to deteriorate. In chapter 25 Josses found out that Nana slept with Marcus Sanford. When she found out, without trying to hear the other side of the situation and giving it any thought on how she was going to tell Nana, she said mirrored a liar. Whilst thinking to herself l wanted to hit her in rage. Later during the one-way argument she had caused she thinks, l was shouting and she was crying, but I was too shocked to care. Jose then gets really angry with out letting it settle in l hate you Not because of my life. But because of my mothers. Im never going to come and visit you again, unless Mama is here. If you complain to her and she forces me to mom here, Ill tell her everything. Peg 218 It wasnt fair to choose sides without hearing the full story and why Nana did what she did. Jokes using the newly found information to benefit herself and gives no thought to how Nana feels hiding this secret (curse) for so long. Jokes relationship with John Barton and Jacob Cote are very important to her in Deterrent ways. Joules near Is torn Detente teem to D n. Seen Delves In tenet own ways, they appear to have it all Jacob Cote does whatever he wants, wears whatever he wants and appears to have no worries in the world. She fails to see past her false perception of their lives to their real feelings. Early in the novel in chapter 5, when Josses Librarian agrees to get a lift from Jacob Cote. The only vehicle in sight is a panel van and she disapproves immediately saying. A panel van? Oh no! Im going home with the wrong guy! Josses is not Cinderella and should stop measuring every guy against prince charming. She is even more shocked when her lift turns out to be a motorbike. In chapter 10 Jacob Cote asked her out but the only way she would agree was if he meets her mum, Jacob said, l dont meet mothers. Josses should have at least understood and been less Judgmental when Jacob rocked up to her front door in his movie clothes. When they were out of mums reach of hearing Josses say, muff occurrence! followed up with How dare you? A little later on Josses ditched Jacob at the cinema without even giving him a chance to explain or letting him know. Jokes expectations were too high and after storming out she thought, A ten-minute date, I thought, as I walked home. I thought seriously of writing to The Guinness Book of Records. Peg 124. She doesnt care about others and of Jacobs circumstance of not having a mother. When she went to see a movie with John Barton and didnt tell Jacob, he ended up seeing them both together and got very angry. She didnt think of how it would have felt for him knowing she likes John. When Jacob Cote asked her if he went out with Iranian to the movies how would she feel, her response was Id be angry. Only thinking of herself and her own needs. The other important male relationship in Jokes life was John Barton, who she dreamed of spending the rest of her life with. John with his upper epsilon life in the spotlight, gorgeous looks, high profile, intelligent and could have anyone he wants. When he took his life Josses concentrated on how she felt betrayed and hurt blaming him for her loneliness. She Believed he had everything, including the world at his feet she could not see that he had serious problems. John felt the only way that he could feel free was to end his life. After Johns death, Josses shows that she still doesnt completely understand that wealth and a high social class doesnt make someone happy. How dare he kill himself when hes never had any worries! Hes not a hog How could somebody with so much going for him do that? (IPPP). Michael explains that social class and wealth has nothing to do with being happy. Instead of being sad for him dying she said, l hate him Hes a bastard. Not thinking of why he did what he did or how people closer to him were feeling, or how was put under a great deal of stress and his parents were pressuring him to be the top of everything. Josses could not relate nor did she try to see that anyone in Johns position could possibly need anything, be scared of find life intimidating. Josses only saw these as problems she faced. In conclusion the main theme in the novel is the search for Jokes identity. Josses felt like she didnt fit in at the beginning and that she wanted to escape her Australian- Italian Docudrama Seen also Tell Seen Llanos unreason near Tamely, causing near to dislike them. Towards the end she is grateful and understands not everything happens her way and turns out the way she planed. She has got her life back on track and started opening up with relationships with her family.

Descartes Argument from Illusion Essay Example

Descartes Argument from Illusion Essay Example Descartes Argument from Illusion Paper Descartes Argument from Illusion Paper He raises arguments pertaining the unreliability of his senses, meaning he can on lay trust what has never deceived and, therefore, must raise even the slightest doubt in every as etc of his mind and his perception of outside world. Regardless of what actually exists, Descartes knows his mind thinks and therefore his mind must exist. In Descartes first meditation, he argues what can be called into doubt, could potentially be nonexistent for his senses has deceived him multiple times before. He expel anis how our whole thought on the realities Of outside world may be an illusion, and may al I be a continuous dream. He introduces this doubt of an awoken consciousness because our DRP names may sometimes feel so real that one can not decipher the difference between a dream and re lit. He argues that our senses in our dream may feel so genuine that it juxtaposes the authentic dream and reality and raise uncertainties in what actually exists. I can empathic with this argue meet because I have been in a dream where it felt like a reality, but the idea that I am dreaming rig HTH now is bizarre. He does admit objects which appear to us in sleep are, as it were, painted rep reservations which are not imaginary, but existent through our past knowledge through senses. I agree with this idea because one can not imagine a completely original idea without inferring on memory. For example a Centaur is an idea of a man that is half man, half horse but the did a originally derived from a horse and a man. Descartes knows he can not doubt simple universal parts like annuity,size. He may raise doubts against Physics or Astronomy, but can not doubt Arithmetic and Geometry, an example being a square will always have four sis des. Descartes then concludes that an omnipotent God must exist, and if we supposed there was no god, then there is even a greater likelihood of being deceived, since our imperfect sense s was not created by an omnipotent and perfect God. I agree with Descartes contemplation on t he existence of an al loving God because our world is imperfect and chaotic. If God was perfect, and if we were created by his divine supremacy, why does this corruption and socially corrosion eve anarchy exist? But since Descartes believes a benevolent God exists, he concludes that God would not deceive him constantly. Although this leads to his demon theory but I do not agree with that at all. Although Descartes methodology of rational doubt may sound preposterous, he does have solid reasons behind his doubts. Nonetheless , with the second meditation, Descartes is puzzled and disregard everything that he can raise even the slightest doubt upon. He states that the only certain thing remaining is that there is no certainty. Descartes doubting everything as falls e in the physical world would imply even he is nonexistent; therefore he concludes to even have e these doubts, he must exist. Descartes suggests the Cogitator Argument, which practically devil ops the universal philosophical quote l think, therefore, am. Thus explaining, everything has t o exist since it exists in my mind. Descartes believes he only exists as long as he is thinking, and that the thinking mind is for certain, therefore, thought above all else is inseparable FRR mom being.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

International Business - Essay Example The perspective of the uncle in regards to other nations taking jobs away from the American workers seems to be very truthful based on the effects of off-shoring. Companies in a lot of non-technological industries that require manual labor have left the United States in search of lower labor costs. It is impossible for the United States to compete in terms of labor cost with places such as China which pays its manufacturing workers less than 50 cents an hour. Products that are produced in Mexico such as Corona Extra beer have lower production costs than American made products. These products are flooding the US marketplace with cheaper goods which is hurting the competitiveness of the domestic industries. The jobs in America depend on the success of companies that produce in the United States. International trade has different costs and benefits. One of the most important benefits of international trade is that it lowers the prices of goods in the marketplace. Some countries have com petitive advantages in certain industries which enables them to produce certain goods at lower prices. International trade protects countries against protectionism from elsewhere (Southerncenter). Another advantage of international trade is that it fosters international growth. ... The use of outsourcing helps companies stay in business which is protecting jobs in America. Lower prices are achieved in the consumer markets due to the use of international trade. Countries are able to establish political ties with other countries by becoming trading partners. The use of international trade helps the global economy achieve growth. Overall the perspective of the uncle is too one sided. The uncle is looking at the problem from only one dimension. International trade can have an adverse effect in the job creation in America, but only in certain industries. From a social perspective international trade is helping a lot of poor countries improve the state of their economies. A transnational model is used to characterize MNEs that attempt to achieve high global integration with high local responsiveness (Aboy). These companies utilize a network business structure instead of company divisions. The use of the transnational model can provide companies with competitive advan tages in a variety of business functions. The strategic plans of a company should focus on finding ways to become more efficient by adapting to the needs of the marketplace. Transnational companies realize that the domestic market in which they participate represents an important market opportunity. The marketing function of transnational corporations is not standardized. These companies have to customize their marketing efforts based on the unique attributes of the market in which they participate. Depending on the location these firms must utilize bilingual marketing campaigns. To achieve the goal of obtaining high local responsiveness transnational firms must perform recurrent market research to learn about the tendencies and changing taste of the customers

Computer Networking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer Networking - Research Paper Example The discussion further analyses the importance of backup as an operation security strategy that helps avail the data stored in the database in case of an external damage. Security is one of the most fundamental factors in the installation and maintenance of a computer network. This follows the understanding that the information shared on such computer networks is a key asset to the institutions that develop the information system. Computer networks refer to telecommunication networks that permit computers and other similar media to transfer data thus enabling communication. The interconnection of computers among other appliances such as telephones, fax machines and printers thus creates an information network that facilitates communication either within the organization or on a larger context with third parties outside the organization. The integrity of the data flowing within the information system relies on the security features employed by the information technology department in the organization (Wood, 2010). Security of a computer network requires the incorporation of various technologies as essay below elaborates. Among the various security features used in a network is end-to-end encryption, which is arguably the most effective security tool. While not often considered a security feature, end-to-end encryption is a paradigm that permits data protection through a series of encoding and decoding through appropriate platforms only. This allows for selective access to the information communicated through the network thus maintaining a degree of integrity in the entire communication process. The party that originates the data encrypts to an appropriate format conveyable through the network while the receiving party decrypts the data thereby obtaining the intended message. The process is simple but requires an effective utilization of appropriate resources in order to maintain the fidelity of the data communicated in any network. Furthermore, while end-to-end

English Film and Literature Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Film and Literature Analysis - Essay Example Heroes too have been of varied kinds in the world of American art, ranging from the frontier hero of the Westerns to the hero of the Everyman variety. These two movies look at two such characters and the heroes have elements of different such types. The importance of the genre of the works and the time periods in which they are set shall also be a part of the discussion in this paper. The paper shall argue that these works have influenced the manner in which the American hero has been envisaged over the years and conceived of in other works of art. The character of Hawkeye is one who is able to maneuver through several situations that the settlers have to face. In a period that was marked by a great amount of political turbulence, he is able to navigate himself and others into situations of safety. He is able to also further the agenda of the side that he is on. One needs to remember that this was an era when America was still open to nations of the world and people like Hawkeye were necessary in order to consolidate the power that America had over the world. Such a hero is commonplace in American movies and books. In many movies of the Western genre, one finds that the hero moves to a place which is populated by a large number of Indians. The narratives of such westerns are almost always based on the extension of the American frontiers. Such an extension would then place the character in the mold of a hero as the character would be seen to be performing a service to his community and to the larger community of America. This is seen to also be a patriotic move. Apart from this, it also furthers the idea of the masculine hero who is able to subdue the forces that create problems in the lives of his community. The fact that such heroes are more often than not, men, goes a long way to prove this point. Even in the recently released movie Django Unchained, which seeks to reinvent the genre of the Western, the hero remained a man while the lead female character was a largely passive presence. The masculine hero is then seen as a symbol or crystallization of American manhood. One of the interesting features of the book is the fact that Hawkeye does not appear to be an intensely racist character. On one occasion, he actually says, There is reason in an Indian, though nature has made him with a red skin!’†¦. ‘I am no scholar, and I care not who knows it; but, judging from what I have seen, at deer chases and squirrel hunts, of the sparks below, I should think a rifle in the hands of their grandfathers was not so dangerous as a hickory bow and a good flint-head might be, if drawn with Indian judgment, and sent by an Indian eye. (Cooper 49) However, this sense of tolerance is often offset by the race pride and sense of superiority that he displays at various points in the novel. One such instance is given below. I am not a prejudiced man, nor one who vaunts himself on his natural privileges, though the worst enemy I have on earth, and he is an Iroquois, daren’t deny that I am genuine white. (Cooper 49) The hero of the Western too was in many cases white and held racist notions of white superiority. Such notions were then used in order to justify his actions that were meant for the progress of a society that was largely white. Many of these movies were also set in pre-Civil War scenes. The hero of Mr. Smith goes to Washington, on the other hand is a person who is closer to the model of Everyman. He is a part of the American

Napoleon despot Essay Example for Free

Napoleon despot Essay â€Å"Napoleon I is sometimes called the greatest enlightened despot. Evaluate this assessment in terms of Napoleon I’s policies and accomplishments. Be sure to include a definition of enlightened despotism in your answer.†(1981 #4) â€Å"Napoleon was a child of the Enlightenment.† Assess the validity of the statement. Use examples referring to specific aspects of the enlightenment and to Napoleon’s policies and attitudes (1992#5) I. Intro Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte), sometimes considered the greatest enlightened despot, was the first modern political figure to use the rhetoric of revolution and nationalism, to back it with military force, and to combine those elements into a mighty weapon of imperial expansion in the service of his own power. As an enlightened despot, or ruler with absolute, unlimited power, but following ideas of the enlightenment, such as rationality, religious toleration, and freedoms, Napoleon made several changes to the government of France. Through the changes he made and reforms based on the enlightenment, he ruled, absolutely, as an enlightened despot, becoming the first, and greatest in history. Coming into power on the wings of the Revolution, he established himself as the First Consul. His policies included the Constitution of the Year VIII, making peace domestically and in foreign affairs, agreeing to a concordat with the Roman Catholic Church, and establishing a dynasty, and accomplished abolishment of the Old Regime, nationalism and loyalty of the nation to him, and unification of the lands he gained and controlled under the Napoleonic code. II. Policies Constitution of the Year VIII 1. Suggested democratic principles, appealed to republican theory and a Council of State, and established the rule of one man, the First Consul, Bonaparte. 2. Under the Consulate, the revolution ended in France. By then, the Third Estate had achieved most of their goals, the peasants had gained they wanted and destroyed the old feudal privileges, and Bonaparte gave them security. 3. This marked the beginning of his rule as despot, and the destruction of the old feudal privileges was the start of his enlightened policies, that were inspired by the political and social reformers who called for change, and new forms of government in France. Making peace 1. In foreign affairs, he made peace with France’s enemies, which justified the public’s confidence in him. Russia had already left the Second Coalition. A campaign in Italy brought another   victory over Austria at Marengo in 1800. The Treaty of Luneville early in 1801 took Austria out of the war. Britain was now alone, and in 1802, concluded the Treaty of Amiens, which brought peace to Europe. 2. Bonaparte used generosity, flattery, and bribery to win over enemies at home. He required only loyalty of the offices of royal legislature. 3. Through these methods, he rose in power. The peace was a very enlightened policy, because Voltaire, a major enlightened thinker had advocated peace. 4. He established a highly centralized administration in which prefects responsible to the government in Paris managed all departments, employed secret police, and stamped out the   royalist rebellion in the west, and made the rule of Paris effective in Brittany and the Vendee for the first time in years. 5. Napoleon used and invented opportunities to destroy his enemies. When a plot on his life surfaced in 1804, he used it   as an excuse to attack the Jacobins, though it was   the work of royalists. In 1804, he violated the sovereignty of the German   state of Baden to seize the Bourbon duke of   Enghien, who was accused of participation in a   royalist plot and shot the duke of Enghien, even   though Bonaparte knew him to be innocent. Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church 1. Napoleon made an agreement with Pope Pius VII. The settlement required both the refractory clergy and those who had accepted the revolution to resign, but in return, the church gave up its claims on its confiscated property. 2. The clergy had to swear an oath of loyalty to the state. The Organic Articles of 1802. Similar laws applied to Protestants and Jews, reducing further the privileged position of the Catholic Church. 3. The Concordat declared, â€Å"Catholicism is the religion of the great majority of French citizens.† This fell far short of what the pope had wanted: religious dominance. 4. Control of religion advocated enlightened thinkers’ ideas, because many thought of religion as irrational, and the cause of fanaticism, which was against the morals and teachings of the rational thinking enlightened thinkers advocated. The Napoleonic Code 1. In 1802, he was ratified as consul for life, and granted full power. He thereafter passed the Civil Code of 1804, usually known as the Napoleonic Code. 2. It safeguarded all forms of property and tried to secure French society against internal changes. 3. Conservative attitudes toward labor and women during the revolution received full support. Workers had fewer rights than employers, and Men had much control over children and wives. 4. Primogeniture (passing of inheritance to only the first, usually male, child) remained abolished, and property was distributed among all children, males and females. However, married  women could dispose of their property only with the consent of their husbands. 5. Divorce remained more difficult for women than men. 6. Before, French law had differed from region to region, but the confusion was ended by the Napoleonic Code. 7. The Napoleonic code ended the old regime, which was the main goal of enlightened thinkers, who wanted social change, and political reform. With the end of the Old Regime, both the social and political establishments were revolutionized.   Establishing a Dynasty 1. In 1804, he seized on a bomb attack on his life to make himself emperor, arguing that it would secure the new regime and make further attempts on his life useless. 2. Became Emperor, and called Napoleon I. 3. The establishment of a dynasty went against all of the revolutionary, liberal thoughts of the enlightened thinkers, and was paradoxical to France’s original plan of a democratic state, because this was equivalent to the establishment of a monarch, which they had just fought to remove. III. Accomplishments Napoleon ended the Old Regime and feudal trappings throughout Western Europe after conquering most of Europe. He forced the eastern European states to reorganize to resist his armies. 1. Wherever Napoleon ruled, the Napoleonic Code was imposed, and hereditary social distinctions abolished. Feudal privileges disappeared, and the peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues. In towns, guilds and local oligarchies that had been dominant for centuries were dissolved or deprived of their power. ï‚ § The established churches lost their traditional independence and were made subordinate to the state. Church monopoly of religion was replaced by general toleration. ï‚ § His army, from the revolution, was immensely loyal to the nation and him. ï‚ § He could conscript citizen soldiers in unprecedented numbers. No single enemy could match his resources. ï‚ § He made his ruling dominions uniform. Wherever he ruled, the Napoleonic Code was imposed. ï‚ § Never before had there been a unified German state. And not since the Roman Empire had any state been able to conquer and control a territory this large. ï‚ § Napoleon spreads the idea of nationalism. After Napoleon humiliated Prussia at Jena in 1806, German intellectuals began to urge resistance to Napoleon on the basis of German nationalism. The French conquest endangered the independence and achievements of all German-speaking people. Many saw France as an example of greatness attained by enlisting the active support of the entire people in the patriotic cause. Several reforms were made by the rulers of the surrounding conquered countries in order to stand up to Napoleon’s strength. ï‚ § These reforms spread enlightened ideas everywhere, outward from Napoleon, and into the rest of Europe. His rule inspired toleration, rationalism, and nationalism, and was the start of the modern European political and social era. As such a great influence, he is one of the greatest enlightened despots in history. IV. Conclusion Napoleon I rose to become an enlightened despot. As one, he implemented social, religious, and political reforms and policies that resulted in the accomplishment of abolishing the old regime, national loyalty to the state and its leader, and the imposition of the Napoleonic Code. He successfully made France dominant as a European power, and glorified himself and his nation. Through his rise and rule, he was able to implement absolute rule, rising far enough to become emperor of France, virtually unchallenged. As such, he made reforms inspired by the enlightenment, and ruled as despot of France, making changes to society, inspired by progressivity and rationality of the Enlightenment. Bibliography Kagan, Donald. The Western Heritage. 8th ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2004. 668-76. Print. Coffin, Judith G. Western Civilizations. Fourteenth Edition. Volume 2. New York,NY: W. W. Norton Company, Inc., 2002. 710-720. Print. Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821. Napoleon I Bonaparte, Emperor of the French King of Italy. 2007. Solar Navigator, Web. 15 Dec 2009. http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/napoleon_bonaparte.htm.

The Awakening :: essays research papers fc

Every writer has an influence. Some are influenced by the ideas that the author has; some are influenced by the style, which the author writes with. Still others are so intrigued by a writer that they are not only influenced by their way of thinking and their writing, but they actually begin to mimic the author in many ways. This is the case with Guy de Maupassant’s influence on Kate Chopin, who is undoubtedly the greatest influence on Chopin’s writing. "Maupassant was born in Châteaude de Miromesnil, Normandy" (Encarta). He received his education at Yvetot and Rauen and there joined a literary team where he was trained as a writer of fiction by Flaubert, another well know French author (Encarta). He, like Chopin, wrote many short stories, for which he is remembered the most (Encarta). Like Chopin, Maupassant’s ideas were looked at as "immoral" and "mature," dealing with ideas such as "sex," loneliness, and "depression" (Jones 385). He questioned the standards of the day, and was therefore rejected by many people as an immoral person (Jones 385). Kate Chopin’s interest in Maupassant began after her mother died (Toth 181). At that time she had moved to a new location in the city where she lived and began to make new friends who were interested in the writings of Maupassant (Toth181). She described vividly how she felt upon reading Guy de Maupassant for the first time: His writing undoubtedly moved her. Chopin claims to have felt that he spoke to her "directly" and "intimately" (Toth 181). She admired him most for the things that made him the writer that he was. She was intrigued by his escape from "’tradition and authority’ and for having ‘entered into himself and looked out upon life through his own being and with his own eyes’"(Skaggs 205). Eventually Maupassant replaced other writers as her primary influence and "literary model" (Toth 205). Chopin had such and interest in Maupassant that she translated many of his stories from French to English (Toth 273). Due to there content, however, several were never published (Toth 273). Chopin had been taught French by her grandmother, who wanted her to know "how to speak and write French well" (Toth 35). Through this Chopin was able to take the stories of Maupassant and easily translate them. The more Chopin translated Maupassant the more she was influenced by his thinking and writing (Tonth 274). Even in reading Maupassant’s stories, while they are translated, you can still tell that there is a remarkable similarity to Chopin’s writing and his.

What Is a Personal Health Record (PHR)?

A new study suggests that a change in the way we keep health records could save billions. The study found that providing interoperable PHRs to 80% of the US population would cost $3. 7 billion in startup costs and $1. 9 billion in annual maintenance costs. According to the report from the Center for Information Technology Leadership at Partners Healthcare System in Boston, widespread use of PHRs could save the US healthcare industry between $13 and $21 billion a year. (www. myPHR. com) This past year, my mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. She has come to realize that this diagnosis also comes with a lot of medical documentation that sometimes has not been forwarded to her oncologist or family physician. After having read about the PHR, it came to my mind just how important and convenient having a Personal Health Record could be. I decided to search the Internet to see just what developing a PHR would take and how difficult it would be. After searching the AHIMA website, I was forwarded to a unique site at www. myPHR. com and on this site I found very helpful information regarding the steps one person should take to develop their own PHR and the benefits it would serve. The definition of a PHR according to AHIMA, is The personal health record (PHR) is an electronic, universally available, lifelong resource of health information needed by individuals to make health decisions. Individuals own and manage the information in the PHR, which comes from healthcare providers and the individual. The PHR is maintained in a secure and private environment, with the individual determining rights of access. The PHR is separate from and does not replace the legal record of any provider. (www. perspectives. ahima. rg) There are many options when it comes to creating your own PHR. A person may create it on their own; they may be offered one by their Physician’s office or even by their insurance provider. One should study each of the vendor’s policies before choosing because they may be different. Each vendor or supplier should have policies in place for how they control access to a person’s PHR and who they will authorize to access the informatio n. Important points to remember about your PHR, according to www. myPHR. com are as follows: * You should always have access to your PHR The information in your PHR should be accurate and complete * You control how much information is accessed * The PHR maybe separate and does not replace the Physician’s legal medical record Information that is normally included in a PHR is Patient demographic sheet, problem list, MAR, history & physical, progress notes, consultations, physician orders, radiology reports, laboratory reports, immunization records, operative reports, pathology reports, discharge summaries, emergency room records and consent forms. Once I gathered all my mother’s medical records in one place, I scanned all her documents into her computer so that she had them all saved. I then transferred the information on a USB drive so that she could easily access the documents anytime she needed. We are now trying to decide whether to keep the information on her computer locally or to subscribe to one of the services that is mentioned on the myPHR website. If my mother did not have a computer available to her, it would also be beneficial for her to keep the information from her medical records that we had gathered in a folder in a safe place. Now my mother has her PHR at her fingertips and we can both focus our energy on her road to recovery rather than spending time tracking down medical records. The time I spent researching on www. myPHR. com was very valuable and made me very aware of how important having all your information in one, easily accessible place can be. I would recommend that everyone look into creating their own Personal Health Record.

Introduction to Organization Structure

Introduction to organizational structure An organization structure refers to an arrangement of people, relationship and responsibilities in carrying out company activities to achieve goal. In addition it also can define as how a people in the organization are group together and to whom they report. Formal structure is needed for larger organization that decisions have to be made about the delegation of various tasks. In an organization structure clearly indicate and separate between the work activities which define by their job role.In good organization structure should explain the relationship of authority who reports to whom and for managers, who reports to them. An organization structure usually illustrated graphically in an organization chart. There are several types of organization structure such as functional organizational structure, geographic organizational structure, matrix organizational structure and product organizational structure. Functional organizational structure re fers to a group of people in the organization or department that hold similar position and perform similar task. It also indicates that who reporting to whom.The traditional way to of the organization, this is organizing people by function. A Geographic organizational structure is typically found in companies with operation spread over a large region. This includes national and international office. It will have internal structure and management layers depending on each location. While matrix organizational structure combine two or more types of organizational structure usually is product organizational structure and functional organizational structure to create a unique blend of work environment. Product organizational structure is the departmentalization based on product and.Employee work in difference unit where by each unit holds the responsibilities of producing the product or service. This structure also known as a division structure. Base on this organizational structure ever y product structure will lead by division. Each division will responsible for each product. 1. 0 Functional Structure According to O’Toole. S â€Å"The term organizational structure refers to how the people in an organization are grouped and to whom they report. One traditional way of organizing people is by function. Some common functions within an organization include production, marketing, human resources and accounting†.Base on this definition we can say that in functional structure employee are grouped together into department and hold similar position also perform similar task. Chief Executive Director Human Resource Manager Finance Manager Account assistants Manufacturing Manager Engineering Manager HR officer FOL Manager EOL Manager Test Engineering Equipment Engineering HR Assistants Payroll officer Supervisor Supervisor Engineer Enigineer Appendix 1. 0: Sample of Functional Structure for Company ABC Referring to above chart, it clearly divided the task and re sponsibilities by function.Example for this company has four main functions which are finance, human resource, manufacturing and engineering. Every department has a difference roles and responsibilities. Finance department focus on accounting and payroll, where by manufacturing can concentrate on execution in order to deliver a good result by divided into two main focus which is FOL and EOL. Both were lead by area manager to ensure the efficiency of the result. For engineering department also separate into two main focuses, they are test and equipment engineering. Each 2 function plays a role in order to achieve the company goal.Base on their expertise the result given will be very fast, efficiently and effectively. 1. 1 Advantage of Functional Structure The advantage of functional structure is employee can communicate and share information easily as they are grouping together according to similarities in their position. Beside that escalation process also can be done fast as and ef fectively. In terms of management, especially manager it easy for them to monitor subordinate performance. Another benefit of functional organization structure is coherent chain of command. For example, referring to above chart Account and payroll fall under purview of Finance department.A clear chain of command is needed, this is because it creates standard operation procedures, besides established consequences also enhanced accountability. Another advantages of functional structure is it cans expedited decision making. This is because normally group decision making will slow down progress on project due to the diverse perspectives involved. But in this structure because people have similar professional and educational background the decision making process will be much easier. In addition functional structure also allows work to be done by qualified and skilled individual in the area concern.Hence, another advantage of this structure is that it reduces cost by reducing duplication and use of resource in the organization. 1. 2 Disadvantage of Functional Structure Functional structure also have disadvantage. The disadvantage of functional structure is because functional structure separate by function, as a result employee having a very little understanding or concern for other area instead of their own area. Because of this separation there is a barrier in communication and overall cooperation and coordination. Beside that in this structure individual focus is rather than a company focus. 3 2. Geographic Structure Geographic structure often use by large company that operate in many area. The main function of this structure is to co-ordinate the work and employee from difference unit and responsible for conducting business in certain geographic locations. Each location will have its own internal structure and management layers, allowing them to run the operation. Below is geographic structure for Open University Malaysia. From the chart Open University Malaysia has divided the organizational base on geographic which is northern region, southern region, and central region, east coast and Sabah and Sarawak.Each region will cover certain state in Malaysia. For Northern region it covered Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang and Perak. For southern region represent Johor, Negeri Sembilan and Melaka. Kuala Lumpur and Selangor is in central region. For Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang indicate as East Coast area. Last area is Sabah and Sarawak region that cover Sabah and Sarawak. Headquarters can easily monitor the performance of each area and might not need to go through every single state to check on the academic progress or activity happened at the particular centre. Open University MalaysiaNorther n region Perlis Kedah Pulau Pinang Souther n region Central region Kuala Lumpur Perak Negeri Sembilan Melaka Selangor East Coast Kelantan Terengganu Pahang Johor Appendix 2. 0 : Geographic Structure of Open University Malaysia 4 Sabah Sarawak Sabah Sarawak 2 . 1 Advantages of Geographic Structure The advantages of geographic structure are cost saving. By locating resource close to customer it will help organization to reduce the cost such as travelling expenses. Using a geographic structure allows companies to use local, experienced individuals to run the company’s operation.This is the most beneficial in international locations, where companies need help transitioning their operations to specific international markets. 2. 2 Disadvantages of Geographic Structure There are some disadvantages of geographic structure such as companies may find it difficulties to run this because it does not allow for centralized decision making. Another disadvantage is that it creates duplication of work also the use of the organization’s resource. Hence, due to the geographical area that located far from each other it will create the difficulties in coordinating between departments in organization. 3. 0 Matrix Structure Matrix structure refe rs to a hybrid structure that combines two or more departmentalization together at one time to create a unique blend of work environment. Usually matrix structure is a combination of product and functional structure. This structure created when there is an assignment or project need to carry out. In this structure employee are reporting to two difference supervisor or manager. This is the differences of matrix structure from other structure. Example is several engineer might be hired carry forth a similar function by pooling in their expertise.In addition, a single company producing two types of product with the same team in professional. For effective and smooth functioning, it is mandatory to share the information in matrix structure. Each project will have a project manager and difference team members will report to him. The matrix structure, if implemented effectively, may increase the ability to react the new customer demands. It also may potentially decrease lead times of new product. Usually employee involve in this structure have to report to 2 manager which is immediate manager and also project manager who is the person to monitor the progress of the project.When work is accomplished, the project team may get dissolved, and the workers from different functional areas may get reassigned to other project and task. Chief Executive Director Human Resource Manager Finance Manager Manufacturing Manager Engineering Manager Division of project manager FOL Manager Test Engineering manager Project manager Account assistants 1 Payroll officer 1 HR officer Account assistants 2 Payroll clerk HR Assistants Account clerk Supervisor 1 Supervisor 2 Engineer HR clerk Legends: The hilted boxes represent staff engage with project. Appendix 3. :Sample of Matrix Structure of Company ZZZ 6 Appendix 3. 0 represent matrix structure for company ZZZ. From the chart there is a project conduct by project manager from project department. To ensure this project success the project has involves staff from other functional structure such as finance, human resource, manufacturing and engineering. For this structure usually employee need to get agreement from immediate manager before they can proceed, this is because it will impact their regular job and employee also must has a strong commitment and dedicated to perform the task.There is an opportunity for them to learn a new thing that not in their job scope. The staff involve in this project will report to 2 manager which is project manager and their immediate department manager. Progress of the project will monitor by project manager while their immediate manager play a role to encourage the employee to perform the task with professionally. 3. 1 Advantages of Matrix Structure The advantages of matrix structure are allowing the organization to effectively and efficiently manage the project that is large scale and complex.The specialized employee can be chosen base on the merit of their work and functions that t hey carry forth. Involving in this structure will give chance to employee to success because of the work load and a lot of difference thinking forces is working on the project and therefore the stress, authority and problem solving skill become stronger. Another advantage of this structure is a cost saving. This is because the people working in the project is hired as a part one team also work under other teams.Meaning to say that the employee involve in the project will do the 2 difference job at one time. In addition this matrix structure will provide opportunity for both functional and product skill development. Thus it will reduce barriers between departments and increase the integration of functions. 3. 2 Disadvantage of Matrix structure Even though there are advantages of matrix structure, there is certain disadvantage as well. The disadvantages of this matrix structure are requiring higher level of management skill compare to other type of departmentalization.It will impact t he company in terms of increasing cost if there is a lot of project manager hired for the job. Another disadvantage of matrix structure is increased conflict levels. This structure also may cause participants to experience 7 dual authority, which can be confusing and frustrating. Very important in this structure is require participant to have a very good interpersonal skill. 4. 0 Product Structure Product structure define as an organization base on organizing employee and work in difference units, while each unit hold responsibility of producing a product or service.For example if company produce 4 difference products, there will have 4 difference divisions for these product. Below is a sample of product organization. In other words product structure divides the company into divisions that bring together those employee involved with a certain type of product or market service. Chief Executive Secretary Product Division Division A Beverage Division B Ice cream Engineering Division C Training Manufacturing Purchasing Division D Cereal Milk powder Infant 6 years plus 3 years plus Adult Appendix 4. 0: Sample of product Organization of Company XYZ.Referring to above chart from company XYZ can see that this company has produce 4 products which is beverage, ice cream, cereal and milk powder. For each product will have a difference division to control. Each division within a divisional structure contains all the necessary recourses and function within it. 8 4. 1 Advantages of Product structure The advantages of product structure is company has a better control for the product as each product has manage by difference division and each division can act as a separate profit centre. Hence, this structure also can create a positive competition between divisions.As every unit own and produce a difference product it will allow manager and employee to expend their expertise and experience that are related to the overall activity of the product. Beside that these structures al so allow management to evaluate the work performance of each division easily. Another advantage of this structure is, because of clear focus on market segment it help to meet customers’ needs. 4. 2 Disadvantages of Product Structure Product structure may also have some disadvantages. For example manager may only focus on their product to the exclusion of the rest of the organization.Due to each product having own functional area expert it may lead to increasing in cost. Beside that will have duplication in terms of process and material also will increase the company cost. Management may facing difficulties to coordinate across department also one of disadvantage of this structure. 5. 0 Conclusion In conclusion organization structure is important as it is a system that control and drive company performance to achieve goal. Difference structure has a difference functions, but the objective is the same which is to ensure company running with smooth and achieve the goal.Functiona l structure is a basic structure and it applies for all organization. It still relevant and can be use for any company and organization. Geographic structure is mostly use for multinational company which has many branches at other country. It also applicable for domestic company and organization such as Open University Malaysia. Matrix structure is a hybrid structure that required commitment and skill especially interpersonal skill to perform the task. For product structure basically is a organizing people base on the product.

buy custom Case Management essay

buy custom Case Management essay Case Management can be classified as form of a Business Process Management. It may not fit in the common tools of Business Process Management but it is well described as a Document Management, customer management, or customer relationship management. It can be used in many different industries for example government, banking and Health care (Silver, 2009). In relation to the industry it is applied it is modelled categorically to suit that particular industry. In handling cases one does not follow the conventional way of stages or principles. This is because it has unstructured progression from its initial stage to the final stage. The normal processes follow a sequence of steps that can be well defined as paths in given diagrams. This is a logical diagram that describes a process and shows the direction it takes and elements it consists (Silver, 2009). The paths are mostly determined by Human judgement, external factors and the principles guiding the business and the steps are defined prior to handling the case. This is contrary to case management where one cannot predetermine the flow of the processes and it cannot be influenced by factors such as human judgement and external factors. What is case Management and what are the qualifications to be a case manager? This is the process of assessment, planning, implementation and monitoring and review. In this essay I will tackle its application in Health care and to begin with we look at the qualification to be a case manager (NSW Docs 2008). In case Management Training for students considering a career in Case Management in Psychology they need to pursue an Associate of Arts Degree in Psychology. This Programme focuses on Positive psychology, Human sexuality, physiological and neurological basis of human behaviour and social interactions. Students of case management particularly need to be able to evaluate the robustness of various psychometrics and assess the impacts of cognition on physical and mental health (Online Education.net, 2010). One can also be a case manager in the Health department by studying for an Associate of Arts in Health Administration Degree. This can also be a programme to be undertaken for those who want to pursue Patient Administration and management. This field addresses specific issues and workplace behaviors associated with a career in health administration and students study administration, health care, legal issues and public policy, technology, and health care financing. Student who go through this programme obtain excellent skills in communications arts, social sciences, humanities, math, and information technology (Just colleges, 2010). The student will learn how to research, analyze and apply vital information to real-world challenges and opportunities. The program enables the students to also develop communication, team work, and critical thinking skills. This are overly applied to the cases which they are assigned be it in the counseling department or the normal patients department (Just colleges, 2010). There are common concepts that are learnt in these programmes that enable students to be proper case managers. They help the students have the skills required to make the individual with a case of dejection feel appreciated and capable of sharing their story, this is because if one may not share a problem then you practically cannot manage the case effectively. Students who are interested in pursuing Case Management and have undergone training in An Associate of Arts Degree and training in An Associate of Art in Health Administration Degree are expected to come out when they fully understand the concepts of Empathy, Active Listening and Persistence in order to be relevant to the requirements of the field. We wll take a look at learning outcomes and an understanding of the concepts of Empathy, Active listening and persistence (Louis, 1994). In order to know that students have leant and gained knowledge a standard measurement is supposed to be observed. This is called the Learning outcome. Learning outcomes are termed as statements that outline the requirements, standards and skills learners will know and be able to fulfill as a result of the learning activity. Outcomes are usually expressed as knowledge, skills, or attitudes (Louis, 1994). The concept of empathy has not been clear over the years and critical research of scholars from the field of philosophy, theology, developmental psychology, social and personality psychology, ethology, and neuroscience often had a lot of discrepancies over the idea in relation to nature of the phenomenon (Preston et al., 2000). By adopting the works of behavioural research carried out for a long time on empathy combined with the more recent knowledge of physiology and neuroanatomy, there is finally light at the end of the tunnel regarding this mechanism and it can clearly be adopted Empathy can be referred to situations in which a subject has a similar emotional state to an object as a result of perceiving the object's situation (Preston et al., 2000). The ability to understand another persons circumstances, point of view, thoughts, and feelings. When experiencing empathy, you are able to understand someone elses internal experiences. This covers the overall understanding that Empathy is tends to have a root in the personalities of self and other, where emotional feelings are directed towards the other (Pedneault, 2009). After completion of the Psychology curriculum, students will: Need to be have knowledge of the main subject areas in the field of psychology, such as the core concepts and major theories Have an understanding of the basic types of research methodologies used in psychology and how to acquire psychological knowledge in different subject areas is using these methods Possess the ability of putting into practice and the necessary experience required in the application of psychological principles such as Empathy in the case management in everyday life situations, in relation to the lecture materials. Have an understanding of how psychological principles function across cultural boundaries and have the ability to apply situations cutting across the cultural divide, as well as to issues that are specific to particular tribal cultures Show Improvement in written and spoken communication skills, active listening skills, and skills in communicating within and across cultures Have the skills of searching, understanding and the application the ideas of materials written by scholars in psychological areas In relation to Case Management, the learning of this concept gives the student the ability to properly use this concept in order to give an opportunity to the patient (SalishKootenaiCollege, 2010) It can be classified as a habit that develops over time. It is also a basis of effective communication. It is the total focus on the person you are listening to in order to understand what they are saying. The person maybe an individual or a group. In order to achieve Active listening one must understand the factors that affect listening (Hardy, 1996). Learning out comes dictate that a student after going through the curriculum will: Have the ability of describing the significance of verbal and non- verbal techniques promoting active listening in different cases. Have the ability to demonstrate use of active listening techniques handling of patient cases and any case they are supposed to manage (Rosenthal, n.d). It is a value of being able to understand that change, improvement or any form of activity to take a desired channel might take time to show sighs. For example in a case like improving self determination one might be required to go through several stages but may not be responding to therapy. This may call for persistence. In the study of the psychology it can also be in context of persistence to frustration. Improvement, response or change can be slow (Craighead Nemeroff 2002). After completion of curriculum a student is required to be capable of using this virtue of persistence or patience in case management or be able to influence their clients to have persistence. This is an important factor in Case management because most of the responses or solutions take some time before being recognized (Crown, 2010). Some authors such as Vince Reynolds have brought the idea of from the organizational point of view. They look at the concept of reflection as a central and integral part in organizational practice of management. They have broadly explained that it is important to use experience of reflection in working and learning in a professional and organizational context (Reynolds Vince, 2004). They have shown the importance of reflection in making the process of Case Management allowing space for reflection and reshaping a problem to be able to model it to your advantage. Therefore Reflection requires active listening or paying attention and reorganizing the thoughts through critical reflection so as to effectively manage a case. Through reflection case managers establish paths of communication and cooperation among themselves and the source of the problem (Reynolds Vince, 2004). Abstract concepts refer to ideas that do not have physical reference. The idea of Abstract concept is largely related to cognition which is a process of processing information, and applying knowledge. An example of an abstract concept is Freedom. These are words or ideas that one cannot actually lay their meaning to a single concept (Friedlander, 2004). Given the case of the idea of freedom, it can be expressed in many contexts and not only one. A person may say I want my freedom but you cannot synthesize from what. Maybe he is not free at his working place, maybe it is freedom in dressing and there are many examples that can be applied to this single abstract concept (Friedlander, 2004). This is the processing of information collected through concrete experience or abstract conceptualization. David Kolbs work explains the stages of concrete experience leading to observation and reflections leading to the formation of Abstract concepts and generalizations. Through this people gather information. The learning styles also yield four styles diverger, accommodator, assimilator and converger (Pritzker Runco, 1999) Each of them has different strengths in the stages of learning. Active experimentation is based as strength of abstract conceptualization learning stages of learning. They prefer to work on applying practical ideas like working with components and not people since people are relatively unemotional and have a narrow line of interests (Pritzker Runco, 1999) Case Management is duly an important process in the organization and it is effective in dealing with issues or cases that do not follow the conventional means of working. To achieve the level of a case manager one has to be a good learner and also able to apply the skills in question in the right way. Case management in health care is the backbone of many problems that are mentally oriented like depression, trauma and many others. Case management is an organizational problems solution if applied well. Buy custom Case Management essay